Lunar Base Construction

Some of the links below would indicate that there is interest in building a
Lunar Base and that it will provide much work for those involved in
actually designing a base and figuring out how to go about constructing one.

I included the references from Haym Benaroya's, 2002. Engineering,
Design and Construction of Lunar Bases paper with PDF link if you care
to down load and read the 13 page document. Just looking at the topics
of the many references will give you an idea of what needs to be
considered even if you don't read the paper.

Now if we just continue to fund going to the Moon maybe some new
graduate student will have a project worth working on.

Look like it could make for some interesting design work that would
require some original thinking.
[FOR WHICHEVER COUNTRY DECIDES TO TAKE ON THE CHALLENGE.]

First there was SPUTNIK and thoughts of going to the Moon.
The Apollo missions proved it could be done.
Now to go back to stay.

Thanks for looking up with me.
- LRK -

Larry Kellogg

Web Site: http://lkellogg.vttoth.com/LarryRussellKellogg/
BlogSpot: http://kelloggserialreports.blogspot.com/
RSS link: http://kelloggserialreports.blogspot.com/atom.xml
Newsletter: https://news.altair.com/mailman/listinfo/lunar-update
==============================================================
Zak, Anatoly. "News & History of Astronautics in the former USSR."
August 5, 2007. http://www.russianspaceweb.com/index.html (August 4, 2007).

*Russia delivers supplies to the station*

/Published: 2007 Aug. 2; updated Aug. 5/

A Russian cargo ship <http://www.russianspaceweb.com/progress.html>
docked to the International Space Station
<http://www.russianspaceweb.com/iss.html>, ISS, Sunday, delivering
around 2.5 tons of supplies to the orbital outpost, as two vehicles flew
over Central Europe.

The Soyuz-U rocket <http://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz_lv.html>,
carrying the Progress M-61 cargo ship, blasted off from Baikonur
Cosmodrome <http://www.russianspaceweb.com/baikonur.html>'s Site 1
<http://www.russianspaceweb.com/baikonur_r7_1.html> on Aug. 2, 2007 at
21:33:48 Moscow Time.

The launch followed a standard trajectory
<http://www.russianspaceweb.com/baikonur_downrange.html>, delivering a
7,270-kilogram spacecraft into a 268 by 191-kilometer orbit with the
inclination 51.64 degrees toward the Equator, according to mission
control in Korolev, Russia.

After a three-day flight, Progress M-61 docked to the station's Pirs
Docking Compartment <http://www.russianspaceweb.com/iss_dc.html>, on
Aug. 5, 2007, at 22:40 Moscow Time. The succesful arrival of the Russian
Progress cleared the way for the launch of the Space Shuttle Endeavour
on Aug. 8, 2007.

To make a room for the new arrival, the Progress M-59 cargo ship
undocked from the ISS on Aug. 1, 2007 at 18:07:05 Moscow Time. Upon a
command from the Russian mission control, the vehicle fired its braking
engine at 22:42 Moscow Time. It then reentered Earth atmosphere and its
debris impacted a remote region of the Pacific Ocean some 5,000
kilometers east of Wellington, New Zealand, on the same day around 23:27
Moscow Time.

The launch of Progress M-61 was delayed from May 12, 2007, and then
advanced from Sept. 3 to Aug. 16, 2006. In the wake of computer problems
onboard the ISS <http://www.russianspaceweb.com/iss.html> in mid-June
2007, officials considered advancing the launch date as far as July 23,
2007.

------------------------------------------
AND ON THE PAGE AN AD FOR THE WORLD'S FIRST ORBITAL COIN - SPUTNIK -
50TH ANNIVERSARY 1957 - 2007, - LRK -
50th Anniversary of Sputnik 1957 � 2007 Silver Proof �Orbital� Coin
<http://www.perthmint.com.au/catalogue/50th-anniversary-of-sputnik-1957-2007-sil
ver-proof-orbital-coin.aspx?affiliateID=32>

 * World�s First �Orbital� Coin
 * Proof Quality 99.9% Pure Silver
 * Revolutionary Reverse
 * Issued as Legal Tender
 * Presentation Packaging
 * Numbered Certificate of Authenticity
 * Sputnik orbits around the Earth

Product Availability Date: 17 September 2007

....

*50^th Anniversary of Sputnik*

The coin celebrates the 50^th Anniversary of Sputnik, which was launched
by the Soviet Union on 4 October 1957. The first man-made satellite to
orbit the world, Sputnik�s success triggered the Space Race and efforts
to realise the ultimate dream of landing men on the Moon.
....

Snip
==============================================================
Zak, Anatoly. "SPACECRAFT Manned: Lunar Program." 2002.
http://www.russianspaceweb.com/lunar_base.html (August 4, 2007)

*In the 1960s, the Moon Race between the United States and the Soviet
Union made many scientists in both countries believe that human
colonization of the Moon was at hand. Lunar bases became a frequent
subject for the popular press and sci-fi novels; however, the space
community also started looking at the problem seriously. *

*Advocates of lunar settlements believed that a permanent outpost on the
Moon would allow extensive exploration of the Earth's natural satellite
for future mining of its resources, for the use of its surface as a
platform for astronomy research and as a "proving ground" for further
planetary exploration.
*

*Early proposals*

In Russia, Konstantin Tsiolkovskiy, a visionary of space exploration,
suggested use of the Moon as a source of raw materials for the human
quest into space. (136
<http://www.russianspaceweb.com/sources.html#shevchenko>)

*Project Horizon *

In June 1959, Wernher Von Braun and his group working at Redstone
Arsenal in Huntsville, Ala., issued the first part of the study of a
"Lunar Military Outpost" for the US Army, called Project Horizon.
Saturn-I and Saturn-II rockets, whose development started about a year
earlier, were to resupply the base. The study estimated that total 245
tons of construction materials, hardware and supplies had to be shipped
to the lunar surface. (138
<http://www.russianspaceweb.com/sources.html#ordway2>)

*Korolev studies *

In the 1960s, Sergei Korolev
<http://www.russianspaceweb.com/korolev.html>, the father of the Soviet
space program, was one of the first leaders in the country's space
industry, to raise the possibility of building a long-term outpost on
the surface of the Moon. In 1960, in the wake of the first Soviet
successes in sending unmanned probes to the Moon
<http://www.russianspaceweb.com/spacecraft_planetary_lunar.html>,
Korolev published an article in Pravda, the official publication of the
Communist Party of the Soviet Union. In the article, bylined "Professor
K. Sergeev," Korolev outlined in general terms his plans for space
exploration, including lunar expeditions: "The opportunity for direct
exploration of the Moon causes a particular interest, first with the
landing of automated scientific probes... and later by ways of sending
researchers and constructing a habitable scientific station on the
Moon." (137 <http://www.russianspaceweb.com/sources.html#vetrov2>)

In 1962, Korolev further discussed the idea of the lunar base in the
"Notes on Heavy Interplanetary Spacecraft and Heavy orbital Station,"
which were not been published until two decades later. In the "Notes"
Korolev discussed developing infrastructure to support interplanetary
travel, including a base to store consumables for interplanetary spacecraft.

The topic came up during a meeting of the Chief Designers Council, an
informal governing body in the Soviet space industry, when it considered
future tasks for the N1 moon rocket.

The consideration of a lunar base than reached the government level,
which reacted with a decree on November 17, 1967, giving the green light
to a "Galactika" (Galaxy) project. The plan assigned the industry to
evaluate a broad range of issues associated with human exploration of
the Moon, Venus and Mars.

*KBOM studies*

Ironically, it wasn't Sergei Korolev's team, who started the first
detailed studies of lunar outposts. It could be explained, perhaps, by
the fact that in the 1960s Korolev's organization was overloaded with
the immediate task of sending a man to the Moon.

Instead, the KBOM design bureau, the developer of launch complexes for
Soviet rocketry <http://www.russianspaceweb.com/rockets.html> and led by
Vladimir Barmin, pioneered the in-depth studies of lunar outposts. Even
before the November 1967 decree came out, KBOM design bureau established
Department 29 led by A. P. Chemodurov. This group had the responsibility
of evaluating potential scientific, economic and military goals which
could be achieved with the lunar base. (112
<http://www.russianspaceweb.com/sources.html#barmin>)

Department No. 29 at KBOM started its activities by establishing
contacts with a broad range of academic and research institutions
throughout the USSR, specialized in such disciplines as biology,
medicine, astronomy, architecture, nuclear technology and
communications. A partial list of the institutions, which cooperated
with KBOM on the study of the lunar base includes:

 * The Crimean and Abastumansk observatories of the Academy of
   Sciences USSR
 * The Institute of Space Research, IKI, of the Academy of Sciences USSR
 * The Geology and Chemistry Institute, GEOKhI, of the Academy of
   Sciences USSR
 * The Physics Institute, of the Siberian Branch of the Academy of
   Sciences USSR
 * The Kiev Research Institute of Theory and History of Architecture
 * The Electronics Institute of the Academy of Sciences of Uzbek SSR
 * The Research Institute of Electrical Sources
 * The Research Institute of Thermal Processes
 * The Institute of Medico-Biological Sciences
 * The Research Institute of Nuclear Physics, NIIYaF, of the Moscow
   State University

On March 22, 1968, the Military Industrial Commission, VPK, issued
Decree No. 62, authorizing the so-called "Tema: Columb" (Columbus study)
within the Galaktika project. The document allowed KBOM to involve
Design Department No. 15 and Theoretical Calculations Department No. 9
into the study of a prospective lunar base.

Combined, these groups evaluated different configurations of the lunar
settlement, which would be able to provide working and habitation space
for the crew and also to deploy equipment, sources of energy,
astronomical observatory and oxygen-producing systems.

*Energy*

Snip
==============================================================
Benaroya, Haym. 2002. Engineering, Design and Construction of Lunar
Bases. American Society of Civil Engineers. DOI:
10.1061/(ASCE)0893-1321(2002)15:2(33). (PDF version of document
downloaded September 4, 2007).
http://csxe.rutgers.edu/research/space/57.pdf

Abstract: How do we begin to expand our civilization to the Moon? What
are the technical issues that infrastructural engineers, in
particular, must address? This paper has the goal of introducing this
fascinating area of structural mechanics, design, and construction.
Published work of the past several decades about lunar bases is
summarized. Additional emphasis is placed on issues related to regolith
mechanics and robotic construction. Although many hundreds of papers
have been written on these subjects, and only a few tens of these
have been referred to here, it is believed that a representative view
has been created. This summary includes environmental issues, a
classification of structural types being considered for the Moon, and
some possible usage of in situ resources for lunar construction. An
appendix provides, in tabular form, an overview of structural types and
their lunar applications and technology drivers.

Snip
A post-Apollo evaluation of the need for a lunar base has been
made (Lowman 1985) with the following reasons given for such a
base:
* Advancing lunar science and astronomy;
* Stimulus to space technology and test bed for technologies
required to place humans on Mars and beyond;
* Utilization of lunar resources;
* Establishment of U.S. presence;
* Stimulation of interest of young Americans in science and engineering;
and
* Beginning of long-range program to ensure survival of species.
The potential for an astronomical observatory on the Moon is
very great, and it could be serviced periodically in a reasonable
fashion from a lunar base.
Snip

Environment
The problem of designing a structure to build on the lunar surface
is a difficult one, discussed here in a necessarily cursory way.
Many issues are not discussed, but will need to be tackled eventually.
Some important topics not discussed here, but necessary in
a detailed study, include the following:
* Relationships between severe lunar temperature cycles and
structural and material fatigue, a problem for exposed structures;
* Structural sensitivity to temperature differentials between different
sections of the same component;
* Very-low-temperature effects and the possibility of brittle fractures;
* Outgassing for exposed steels and other effects of high
vacuum on steel, alloys, and advanced materials;
* Factors of safety, originally developed to account for uncertainties
in the Earth design and construction process, undoubtedly
need adjustment for the lunar environment, either up or
down, depending on one�s perspective and tolerance for risk;
* Reliability ~and risk! must be major components of lunar
structures, just as they are of significant Earth structures ~Benaroya
1994!;
* Dead/live loads under lunar gravity;
* Buckling, stiffening, and bracing requirements for lunar structures,
which will be internally pressurized; and
* Consideration of new failure modes such as those due to highvelocity
micrometeorite impacts.
Snip
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Smith, Linda. "Lunar Base Designs." October 25, 2006.
http://aerospacescholars.jsc.nasa.gov/HAS/cirr/em/6/8.cfm (September 4,
2007)

What will the first lunar base actually look like? No one knows yet, but
many have been designed. In the 1950's and 1960's, many designs were put
forth by scientists and engineers who hoped that by the next century a
lunar base would be fully operational. In 1992, the FLO design, the
First Lunar Outpost reference, mission was developed (and rejected) by
NASA. Igloos, railroads, buses, ecospheres, and domes, have all been
proposed. Inflatable structures, underground structures, structures at
the South Pole, and space ports at lunar libration points have all been
designed. Hotels, laboratories, observatories, sports arenas, as well as
mining and manufacturing plants are all very real possibilities. What
would a lunar base that you designed look like? What types of power will
be used on the moon? Solar? Nuclear? Fission reactors? Fusion reactors?
Lasar beamed electricity? What kinds of fuel will be developed for
rockets making the journey? Aluminum? Oxygen? Hydrogen? Solar sails?

Snip
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Wade, Mark "Chinese Lunar Base." 2007.
http://www.astronautix.com/craft/chirbase.htm (September 4, 2007)

/Class/: Manned. /Type/: Lunar Base. /Destination/: Moon. /Nation/: China.

Beginning in 2000, Chinese scientists began discussing preliminary work
on a Chinese manned lunar base. Although not funded, it remains a
long-term objective of the Chinese space program for the second quarter
of the 21st Century.

Beyond the initial Project 921 programs for development of a manned
earth orbit capability, Chinese scientists began talking during the
course of 2000 of more ambitious plans for a lunar base. At Expo 2000 at
Hanover the centre piece of the Chinese pavilion was a display of two
Chinese astronauts planting the flag of the People's Republic on the
lunar surface. On October 4, 2000 Associated Press reported that Zhuang
Fenggan, vice chairman of the China Association of Sciences, declared
that one day the Chinese would create a permanent lunar base with the
intent of mining the lunar soil for Helium-3 (to fuel nuclear fusion
plants on Earth). On October 13, 2000, Xinhua News Agency reported a
more definite timetable. These seemed to be the dreams of academics
rather than a definite funded program, but at least indicated the
expected course of development during the 21st ('Chinese') Century:

 * Chinese astronauts would begin landings on the moon in 2005. An
   initial lunar station would be built up with pressurized modules,
   electrical generators, and roving vehicles.
 * The station would be completed by 2010, allowing stays of several
   weeks for extended science experiments.
 * Beginning in 2015, construction of a small permanent Moon base
   would begin. The objective would be for a self-sufficient lunar
   base to be in operation by 2020. This would be a bridgehead for
   construction of a network of solar power generating plants. The
   power would be transmitted back to Earth via microwave to meet
   Chinese power needs without adding to earth greenhouse gases. The
   base would also process the lunar regolith for metals and gases
   needed to support the base. The natural high vacuum would be used
   for research and production of new materials for export to Earth.

There was no funding for lunar projects in the ten-year space plan
approved in 2001. By July 2001 a Chinese aerospace magazine indicated
that Chinese scientists had drafted a much more modest four-phase long
term plan.

 * Phase 1, by 2005: Lunar flyby or orbiting satellite missions,
   perhaps using the DFH-3 bus.
 * Phase 2, by 2010: unmanned soft-landing missions. Phase 3, by
   2020: Robotic exploration using surface rovers. Phase 4, by 2030:
   Lunar sample return missions.

Only after 2030 would manned flights and construction of a lunar base begin.
Snip
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WHAT THE MIND CAN CONCEIVE, AND BELIEVE, IT WILL ACHIEVE - LRK
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