Many folks would like to see us back on the Moon and developing its resources.

Showing posts with label Mars. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Mars. Show all posts

Wednesday, October 07, 2015

The Martian movie vs book

Well the movie, "The Martian" is out and I have seen it twice.  (science errors and all)
I am still waiting for a copy of, "The Martian: A Novel" to arrive by snail mail. :-)

I have received heads up notes about "The Martian" and how 20th Century Fox version might have been entertaining but strayed some from good science.  Not having read the book yet, I don't have any first hand information how much Andy Weir followed scientific rigor.  His pre-release interviews admits to a few slights for entertainment license so thought I would ask the Internet for some other opinions.

Hmmm, you may find some of the reports of interest.

What I am interested in is seeing what might interest folks that would help in developing the Moon in preparation for being Spacefaring 
Do we want to look in on how we can engineer the problem or look for an Indy 500 car crash.

It wasn't long after Apollo 11 landing that the audience interest dropped off.
Come Apollo 13 problem and much interest.  
Will they make it back, will they be lost, tune in for the 6 o'clock news.
Much like the Saturday Matinee's I attended as a kid, will Buck Rogers, Flash Gordon save the world?


This from the link.
- LRK -
------------------------------------------------------
[Serials were a popular form of movie entertainment dating back to Edison's What Happened to Mary? of 1912. There appear to be older serials, however, such as the 1910 Deutsche Vitaskop 5 episode Arsene Lupin Contra Sherlock Holmes, based upon the Maurice LeBlanc novel,[1] and a possible but unconfirmed Raffles serial in 1911.[2] Usually filmed with low budgets, serials were action-packed stories that usually involved a hero (or heroes) battling an evil villain and rescuing a damsel in distress. The villain would continually place the hero into inescapable deathtraps, or the heroine would be placed into a deathtrap and the hero would bravely come to her rescue, usually pulling her away from certain death only moments before she met her doom. The hero and heroine would face one trap after another, battling countless thugs and lackeys, before finally defeating the villain.

Many famous clichés of action-adventure movies had their origins in the serials. The popular term cliffhanger was developed as a plot device in film serials (though its origins have been traced by some historians to the Sherlock Holmes stories of Arthur Conan Doyle or the earlier A pair of blue eyes by Thomas Hardy from 1873), and it comes from the many times that the hero or heroine would end up hanging over a cliff, usually as the villain gloated above and waited for them to plummet thousands of feet to their deaths. Other popular clichés included the heroine or hero trapped in a burning building, being trampled by horses, knocked unconscious in a car as it goes over a cliff, crashing in an airplane, and watching as the burning fuse of a nearby bundle of dynamite sparked and sputtered its way towards the deadly explosive (at the beginning of the next chapter the endangered character usually simply got up and walked away with only minor scrapes). The popular Indiana Jones movies are a well-known, romantic pastiche of the serials' clichéd plot elements and devices.]
------------------------------------------------------

It will be interesting to read Andy Weir's "The Martian: The Novel" and see if his interest in Sherlock Holmes comes through.
It will also be interesting to see if maybe the movie industry was interested in making a good "Cliffhanger" movie with maybe a bit more budget.
As of October 4, 2015The Martian has grossed $54.3 million in North America and $44.6 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $98.9 million, against a budget of $108 million.[4][59] 
- LRK -

--------------------------------------------------------------------
"The Martian" and real Martians
---
The film adaptation of the bestselling novel "The Martian" opened to rave reviews and a big box office take this weekend, days after NASA also announced evidence of liquid water on the surface of present-day Mars. Jeff Foust examines what effect -- if any -- these events could have on NASA's plans for actual human missions to the Red Planet.
http://www.thespacereview.com/article/2837/1

Inline image 1
The Martian movie vs book

Well "The Martian" movie is out and I am still waiting for a copy of the "The Martian: A Novel"
- LRK -

--------------------------------------------------------------------
Book to Screen: ‘The Martian’ Leaves Science on the Page and Goes for Thrills on Screen

BY MATT GOLDBERG

Andy Weir’s self-published novel The Martian became a huge bestseller, and it was a big hit at the box office this weekend. The film also went over big with critics, and is primed to be a potential player in this year’s Oscar race. But for director Ridley Scott and screenwriter Drew Goddard to translate Weir’s book to the big screen, how much did they have to lose, and what did they choose to keep?

Looking at the skeleton of the story, Goddard kept Weir’s book intact. It’s a movie where there’s plenty of subtraction, especially where Mark Watney’s various duties and missions are concerned (more on that later), but Goddard basically condensed the narrative to fit a 130-minute runtime. However, there are no radical changes. Just subtraction.

The biggest removal comes in the third act when in the book, Watney is driving to the Ares IV landing site, and because he accidentally shorted out his communications, he doesn’t know that a storm is coming to make his journey even more difficult. Goddard removes all of this. Watney never shorts out his communications array, and there’s never a dust storm to avoid on the way to Schiaparelli. It’s the smoothest sailing he encounters until he has to launch himself off the planet.

...
--------------------------------------------------------------------

Will let you pick the links if interested.
- LRK -

--------------------------------------------------------------------
5 Big Differences Between The Martian Book And The Movie
BY MIKE REYES

If you're looking for a good time at the movies, The Martian is a steely eyed missile man of entertainment. With a nearly record breaking opening for the first weekend in October, the Ridley Scott directed / Drew Goddard written adaptation of Andy Weir's best-selling novel is pretty faithful to the text. But despite Mark Watney's smart-assed humor and scientific prowess still making the grade, along with the scores of other details most inferior adaptations would forget, there are still five major changes that the film adaptation has made. While these changes don't ruin The Martian at all, they are still big enough that they should be discussed.
 

The Epilogue
--------------------------------------------------------------------

For me, the log book entry scheme let me know what was going without needing to have a third person, talk over announcer.
NASA Mourns Loss of Former Launch Commentator, Jack King
John W. (Jack) King, former chief of Public Information at NASA's Kennedy Space Center, died June 11, 2015 He was 84.
- LRK -

--------------------------------------------------------------------
http://www.space.com/30699-the-martian-movie-space-book-review.html
Does 'The Martian' Movie Do the Book Justice? Yes. Yes, It Does

Movies adapted from successful books don't always capture the magic of the original text — and the calculation- and science-heavy story of "The Martian" seems a particularly tough customer — but the upcoming film does a surprisingly good job conjuring the book's spirit. The new movie, opening Friday, trades some of the book's nonstop danger for glorious Martian vistas and more NASA at work, and I'm not complaining.

As a quick note, this article doesn't spoil major plot points but does discuss the major themes of the book and movie.

The movie "The Martian," is based on Andy Weir's book of the same name, and tells the story of an astronaut who is accidentally left behind on Mars and must struggle to survive. When watching "The Martian," all I could think was that the movie version of protagonist Mark Watney had it easy. Sure, almost everything he does goes sideways and presents a new challenge for him to ponder, calculate and build his way out of. But there are a lot of major problems presented in the book that movie-Watney doesn't encounter while stranded on Mars, and several complicated, clever solutions he never has to devise. [Watch: How to Kill (or Save) a Martian – Author Andy Weir Knows!]

--------------------------------------------------------------------

Another chance to hear from the author of the book.
- LRK -

--------------------------------------------------------------------
Here’s what ‘The Martian’ author had to say about those book-to-movie changes

SPOILERS FOR “THE MARTIAN” BOOK AND MOVIE LIE AHEAD!


Ridley Scott’s adaptation of “The Martian” stays rather true to the novel that inspired the movie. But for you fans of the book about an astronaut stranded on Mars, you may still be wondering about some parts of the book that were altered for the movie.
--------------------------------------------------------------------

Weir told Tech Insider that Goddard and Scott incorporated his feedback into the script.
- LRK -

--------------------------------------------------------------------
http://www.techinsider.io/the-martian-book-versus-movie-scenes-2015-96 amazing plot twists that are missing from 'The Martian' movie
Kelly Dickerson
Oct. 3, 2015, 10:03 PM

When Andy Weir published his sci-fi novel "The Martian," readers praised his attention to detail and scientific accuracy
It's arguably the reason the book became a bestseller and, now, a blockbuster movie.

...
--------------------------------------------------------------------
The Martian is a 2015 American[nb 1] science fiction film directed by Ridley Scott and starring Matt Damon. The film is based on Andy Weir's 2011 novel The Martian, which was adapted into a screenplay by Drew Goddard. Damon stars as an astronaut who is incorrectly presumed dead and left behind on the planet Mars, and who then fights to survive. The film also features Jessica Chastain,Kristen WiigJeff DanielsMichael PeñaKate MaraSean BeanSebastian StanAksel Hennie, andChiwetel Ejiofor in supporting roles.
...
--------------------------------------------------------------------
I now waiting for book, "THE MARTIAN", to arrive and will see how print reads.
As for going to the Moon or Mars, I think we need to consider if we just want to be entertained for a short time or whether we are ready take on the opportunity to engineer the many exciting problems to become truly Spacefaring .  

Thanks for looking up with me, and ask that youngster if they would like to help "Make it so!"  :-)
- LRK -
==============================================================
Mars to Stay missions propose astronauts sent to Mars for the first time should intend to stay. Unused emergency return vehicles would be recycled into settlement construction as soon as the habitability of Mars becomes evident to the initial pioneers. Mars to Stay missions are advocated both to reduce cost and to ensure permanent settlement of Mars. Among many notable Mars to Stay advocates, former Apollo astronaut Buzz Aldrin has been particularly outspoken, suggesting in numerous forums "Forget the Moon, Let’s Head to Mars!"[1] and, in June 2013, Aldrin promoted a manned mission "to homestead Mars and become a two-planet species."[2] In August 2015, Aldrin, in association with the Florida Institute of Technology, presented a "master plan", for NASA consideration, for astronauts, with a "tour of duty of ten years", to colonize Mars before the year 2040.[3] The Mars Underground, Mars Homestead Foundation, Mars One, and Mars Artists Community advocacy groups and business organizations have also adopted Mars to Stay policy initiatives.[4]

The earliest formal outline of a Mars to Stay mission architecture was given at the Case for Mars VI Workshop in 1996, during a presentation by George Herbert titled "One Way to Mars."[5]
...

==============================================================
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3030477/Is-Nasa-secretly-planning-moon-Expert-says-agency-mount-lunar-mission-going-Mars.html
Is Nasa secretly planning to go back to the moon? Expert says agency will mount lunar mission before going to Mars
  • Science reporter Eric Berger says Nasa is considering moon mission
  • Previously the agency was planning on going straight to Mars
  • Mr Berger says it signals a shift in priorities for the space agency
  • In recent months experts have weighed in on the moon or Mars debate 
By JONATHAN O'CALLAGHAN FOR MAILONLINE

PUBLISHED: 10:14 EST, 8 April 2015 | UPDATED: 10:42 EST, 8 April 2015
The goal instead was to visit an asteroid in the 2020s, and then send a crew to Mars in the 2030s - with no mission to another destination in between.

Recently, Nasa revealed how they plan to do the asteroid mission - by picking up a boulder from a larger asteroid, placing it in lunar orbit, and having astronauts go and visit.

But Mr Berger says that Nasa has been ‘quietly’ considering going back to the moon before going to Mars.

He said that Nasa is, ‘in internal studies, reconsidering the moon, including the lunar surface, for human activities as a significant stepping stone to Mars.’

He continued: ‘William Gerstenmaier, the chief of human exploration for Nasa, does not see the existing plan of a direct, 900-day mission to the red planet as achievable.’

In a tweet Nasa’s Head of Communications, David Weaver, seemingly quashed the significance of the news, saying: ‘Nothing new about #NASA plan to use Moon on #JourneyToMars.’

However, Mr Berger says it is significant, as the agency had previously shied away from saying it was returning to the moon.
...
==============================================================

WHAT THE MIND CAN CONCEIVE, AND BELIEVE, IT WILL ACHIEVE - LRK -

==============================================================

Monday, October 05, 2015

Duck Tape, MacGyver, "The Martian" - book and movie

I have been looking at movie trailers for "The Martian" and decided to go to the movies.
I live in the dark ages and had never gone to a movie in "3D".  
Probably to cheap to pay for glasses.

I waited for the previous showing to finish and folks to file out.  The lights came on and I was the first one in.  A bit early as the cleaning crew came in and proceeded to fill a very large trash can with popcorn and drink containers and other trash.  

Talked with them while standing out of the way.  
October 2, 2015 was the opening weekend and it seems some of the relatives of the author, Andy Weir, had seen the movie earlier.
(Livermore National Laboratory and Sandia National Laboratory is just over the hill from Tracy and he had programmed at Sandia.)

The theater's previews were shown in ear splitting sound level that made me wish I had brought ear plugs and thought I would go deaf for a whole movie.  I was very pleasantly surprised when "The Martian" started and everything was at an appropriate sound level for the action being portrayed and the "3D" viewing was like we were there for real.  No silly jumping out of a screen.  Nice and added to the realism.

Having watched a number of the trailers and YouTube interviews I appreciated, and expected to see the Duck Tape and MacGyver, can do attitude.  I was not disappointed. I laughed at one liners, had tears in my eyes at unexpected moments, and thoroughly enjoyed the adventure.

No matter the Martian wind would probably not been able to blow things around at the start of the movie, I am sure a real mission would have enough of its own problems to test ones survival instincts.  It was interesting to see how Mark Watney handled his.

I also appreciated how the movie managed to have enough camera monitors to provide statistical and personal information to update the full movie camera presentation.

All in all I thought well done.  

I had not read the book so have ordered a used one.  Watching the YouTube interviews we get to see the movie teaser trailer and here about how he managed to get published.  That in itself was enlightening.  A lot of work, writing, while working, and developing a website and going finally to post the book on line in several forms and then posting to Amazon Kindle Direct Publishing.

There has been some question as to whether NASA has taken advantage or made announcements about water on Mars to coincide with the movie release.  I will let you check out the links that follow and make your own opinion.

- LRK -

--------------------------------------------------------------------
"The Martian" and real Martians
---
The film adaptation of the bestselling novel "The Martian" opened to rave reviews and a big box office take this weekend, days after NASA also announced evidence of liquid water on the surface of present-day Mars. Jeff Foust examines what effect -- if any -- these events could have on NASA's plans for actual human missions to the Red Planet.
http://www.thespacereview.com/article/2837/1

Inline image 1
Just as Mark Watney, the central character of the book and film The Martian, used this rover to make a long-distance trek across the surface of Mars, some Mars advocates hope the film helps power NASA’s own long-term plans to send humans there. (credit: 20th Century Fox)
...
--------------------------------------------------------------------

A bit from NASA
- LRK -

--------------------------------------------------------------------
Nine Real NASA Technologies in 'The Martian'
Aug 19, 2015
Mars has held a central place in human imagination and culture for millennia. Ancients marveled at its red color and the brightness that waxed and waned in cycles over the years. Early observations through telescopes led some to speculate that the planet was covered with canals that its inhabitants used for transportation and commerce. In “The War of the Worlds”, the writer H.G. Wells posited a Martian culture that would attempt to conquer Earth. In 1938, Orson Welles panicked listeners who thought they were listening to a news broadcast rather than his radio adaptation of Wells’s novel.

The real story of humans and Mars is a little more prosaic but no less fascinating. Telescopes turned the bright red dot in the sky into a fuzzy, mottled disk that gave rise to those daydreams of canals. Just 50 years ago, the first photograph of Mars from a passing spacecraft appeared to show a hazy atmosphere. Now decades of exploration on the planet itself has shown it to be a world that once had open water, an essential ingredient for life.

The fascination hasn’t waned, even in the Internet Age. A former computer programmer named Andy Weir, who enjoyed writing for its own sake and posted fiction to his blog, started a serial about a NASA astronaut stranded on Mars. The popularity ultimately led him to turn it into a successful novel, “The Martian”, which has been made into a movie that will be released in October 2015.

“The Martian” merges the fictional and factual narratives about Mars, building upon the work NASA and others have done exploring Mars and moving it forward into the 2030s, when NASA astronauts are regularly traveling to Mars and living on the surface to explore. Although the action takes place 20 years in the future, NASA is already developing many of the technologies that appear in the film....
--------------------------------------------------------------------

In the interviews Andy Weir mentions he has a website that isn't the greatest but he could post chapters serially and get feedback from his readers.  He mentions that after the book publishing they asked for some changes. (no more free copies)
- LRK -

--------------------------------------------------------------------

There are some comments to Andy Weir on his website.
- LRK -
...
--------------------------------------------------------------------

The YouTube links following will probably start off with the earlier
TEASER TRAILER for "The Martian".
A later one is labeled the OFFICIAL TRAILER.

The Martian | Teaser Trailer [HD] | 20th Century FOX
The Martian | Official Trailer [HD] | 20th Century FOX

Andy Weir's trip to LLNL
- LRK -
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Author of ‘The Martian’ thrills Lab employees
Published on Sep 4, 2015
Imagine being inadvertently left for dead on Mars, completely alone and abandoned by your crew, with nothing but your wits and a scant amount of precious supplies to keep you alive.

That’s the enthralling premise of the best-selling science-fiction survival novel and soon-to-be released motion picture, “The Martian,” scheduled to run in theaters nationwide on Oct. 2.

Amidst a whirlwind media blitz, the book’s author, Andy Weir, took time to visit the Laboratory on Wednesday, entertaining a packed house of nearly 400 Lab employees and special guests with his wit, vast and varied scientific knowledge and tales of his sudden rise to stardom.

“It’s kind of a homecoming,” Weir said. “It’s special for me because it’s where I grew up.”

Read more about Andy's visit to LLNL:
...
--------------------------------------------------------------------

These trips are just before the October 2 opening.
- LRK -

--------------------------------------------------------------------
"The Martian" Visits JSC
Published on Sep 15, 2015
On Sept. 15, NASA’s Johnson Space Center hosted the media and cast members of the soon-to-be-released 20th Century Fox movie, “The Martian, for a variety of events offering a fresh perspective on NASA’s Journey to Mars and the confluence between the science fiction of the movie and NASA’s science fact, on which the film is based. NASA innovation is fueling the Journey to Mars, and information about the cutting edge technology being developed by NASA is available at: http://go.nasa.gov/1NqheRR.
...
--------------------------------------------------------------------


--------------------------------------------------------------------
Comic-Con: Journey to Mars and The Martian

Published on Aug 19, 2015
For the second year in a row, NASA participated in Comic-Con International in San Diego.

NASA experts took part in two panel discussions during the conference on Thursday, July 9.

NASA's participation continues the agency's efforts to engage and inspire the next generation of American innovators and explorers in our #JourneyToMars.
...
--------------------------------------------------------------------

You may like this interview if you like Adam Savage and his TV program.
Adam asks a lot of newbie questions.
- LRK -

--------------------------------------------------------------------
Adam Savage Interviews 'The Martian' Author Andy Weir - The Talking Room

Published on Jun 11, 2015
Adam Savage welcomes author Andy Weir to The Talking Room! Andy wrote 'The Martian', the story of an astronaut stranded on Mars--it's a book we can't recommend enough. Adam and Andy talk about the research that went into writing the book, the portrayal of astronauts in fiction, and the upcoming film adaptation!

Thanks to Andy Weir! Find out more about his books at http://www.andyweirauthor.com/
...
--------------------------------------------------------------------
I now waiting for book, "THE MARTIAN", to arrive and will see how print reads.

Thanks for looking up with me
- LRK -
Published on Jul 25, 2015
Exclusive Interview with Andy Weir by Vera Mulyani for Mars City Design. July 18th 2015.
==============================================================
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Martian_(film)
The Martian is a 2015 American[nb 1] science fiction film directed by Ridley Scott and starring Matt Damon. The film is based on Andy Weir's 2011 novel The Martian, which was adapted into a screenplay by Drew Goddard. Damon stars as an astronaut who is incorrectly presumed dead and left behind on the planet Mars, and who then fights to survive. The film also features Jessica Chastain,Kristen WiigJeff DanielsMichael PeñaKate MaraSean BeanSebastian StanAksel Hennie, andChiwetel Ejiofor in supporting roles.

...
==============================================================

WHAT THE MIND CAN CONCEIVE, AND BELIEVE, IT WILL ACHIEVE - LRK -

==============================================================

Tuesday, September 29, 2015

Planetary protection

So we think there is/can be liquid water on Mars.  
What next?  Drill! Drill! Drill!

And what should we be looking for?
Possible life forms?
Quantity, for use by future humans on Mars?

How sure would we be that what we might find is Martian and not from Earth?
And IF, IF there is life, do we invade and posses or leave alone forever?

Many questions to answer and often impatience. 

You can bake a spacecraft and feel that you have made it germ free.
Try that with a flaky, germ ridden human and we might send a mummy. :-)

Not easy questions to answer.

Will be interesting to see if planting a flag wins over concern about what we take to Mars.
Even if the microbe story about the camera that Apollo 12 brought back can be dismissed, it still makes for sound bytes.

Mars has an atmosphere that is more dense than the tenuous exosphere of the Moon and humans are dirty, dirty, dirty.
We best know what we are doing when we send the first astronauts to Mars.
Then again, we killed a lot of buffalo just because they held up the trains as the West was opened.

Food for thought.
- LRK -

PS: My mom wouldn't put in new wall to wall carpeting until we could eat a meal without dropping food on the floor.
She waited until my brother, sister, and myself grew up and left home. :-)
(then she put plastic runners everywhere)

...
------------------------------------------------
Planetary protection

History
The potential problem of lunar and planetary contamination was first raised at the International Astronautical Federation VIIth Congress in Rome in 1956.[4]
In 1958[5] the U.S. National Academy of Sciences (NAS) passed a resolution stating, “The National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America urges that scientists plan lunar and planetary studies with great care and deep concern so that initial operations do not compromise and make impossible forever after critical scientific experiments.” This led to creation of the ad hoc Committee on Contamination by Extraterrestrial Exploration (CETEX), which met for a year and recommended that interplanetary spacecraft be sterilized, and stated, “The need for sterilization is only temporary. Mars and possibly Venus need to remain uncontaminated only until study by manned ships becomes possible”[6]
In 1959 planetary protection was transferred to the newly formed Committee on Space Research (COSPAR). COSPAR in 1964 issued Resolution 26
----
affirms that the search for extraterrestrial life is an important objective of space research, that the planet of Mars may offer the only feasible opportunity to conduct this search during the foreseeable future, that contamination of this planet would make such a search far more difficult and possibly even prevent for all time an unequivocal result, that all practical steps should be taken to ensure that Mars be not biologically contaminated until such time as this search can have been satisfactorily carried out, and that cooperation in proper scheduling of experiments and use of adequate spacecraft sterilization techniques is required on the part of all deep space probe launching authorities to avoid such contamination.[7]
----
------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------
Next Mars Rover's High-Tech Landing May Raise Contamination Risks
Jeremy Hsu, Astrobiology Magazine Contributor   |   September 05, 2011 08:00am ET

Earth microbes trying to make it to the planet Mars must survive sterilization in NASA's clean rooms, harsh cosmic rays during months of space travel and the Red Planet's unforgiving surface environment.
But any bacteria that successfully hitchhike aboard the wheels of NASA'sMars rover Curiosity in 2012 might manage to scratch out a brief existence on the Martian surface.
That finding comes from a study that examined how the new high-tech landing technique of Curiosity, the centerpiece of NASA's $2.5 billion Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission, may affect the risk of contaminating Mars.
...
------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------
NASA's Mars Rover Curiosity Had Planetary Protection Slip-Up
by Leonard David, Space.com's Space Insider Columnist   |   November 30, 2011 05:26pm ET

All NASA spacecraft sent to other planets must undergo meticulous procedures to make sure they don't carry biological contamination from Earth to their destinations.
However, a step in these planetary protection measures wasn't adhered to for NASA's Mars Science Laboratory rover Curiosity, now en route to the Red Planet, SPACE.com has learned.
The incident has become a lessons-learned example of miscommunication in assuring that planetary protection procedures are strictly adhered to.
...------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------
Outer Space Treaty

The Outer Space Treaty, formally the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, is atreaty that forms the basis of international space law. The treaty was opened for signature in the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union on 27 January 1967, and entered into force on 10 October 1967. As of May 2013, 103 countries are parties to the treaty, while another 26 have signed the treaty but have not completed ratification.[1] In addition, the Republic of China (Taiwan), which is currently only recognized by 21 UN member states, ratified the treaty prior to the United Nations General Assembly's vote to transfer China's seat to the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1971.[2]
------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------
Thanks for looking up with me.
- LRK -
==============================================================
Potential effects of recent findings on spacecraft sterilization requirements
S. Schalkowsky , L. B. Hall , R. C. Kline

Article
Space life sciences
March 1969, Volume 1, Issue 4, pp 520-530

Abstract

An important task related to the formulation of planetary quarantine standards is the achievement of an acceptable compromise between (1) the prevention of planetary contamination and (2) the impact of quarantine requirements on the conduct of planetary missions. Such a task is a continuing effort, which must take all pertinent new information into account as it becomes available. This paper provides an analytical framework for the assessment of data which have become available during the past year or which are currently being evolved. In particular an evaluation is made of the probability of release of viable organisms from the spacecraft as a function of: (1) impact velocity magnitudes and the probability of their occurrence; (2) the degree of equipment fracturing at impact velocities; and (3) the number of viable organisms in spacecraft materials. Work being done to quantify each of three types of contamination, i.e. that on open surfaces, mated surfaces and buried contamination, is described in the context of seeking an approach to spacecraft sterilization that would be most compatible with the implementation of planetary missions. It is concluded that the results of work now in progress on spacecraft-material fracturing, on the estimation of buried contamination loads, and on microbial resistance on mated surfaces, may lead to less severe dry-heat sterilization of planetary spacecraft than had been considered necessary in the past.
==============================================================
WHAT THE MIND CAN CONCEIVE, AND BELIEVE, IT WILL ACHIEVE - LRK -
==============================================================